The Death Penalty Is An Effective Deterrent - 1359 Words

On the other hand, the anti-death penalty arguments claim that the death penalty is oppressive toward lower class and people of color, wasting the limited resources, and it often hurt innocent people. American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) stated that the death penalty is not an effective deterrent because it is not applied consistently, as there is only a small fraction of first-degree murders who received death sentence, and even then they do not represent the worst cases of murders. Most of the time, whether or not one receives the death penalty depends on how much money they have, how good their attorney is, their ethnicity as well as the victims’ ethnicity. ACLU argued that people of color were more likely to receive capital†¦show more content†¦In fact, he asserted that almost all of those who received capital punishment are poor, and half of them were people of color. Many of them also have intellectual disability, mental health disorders, child-abuse victims, a nd so on. He cited an example of a case in Georgia where an African American man who had an intellectual disability were executed (Bright, 2014). In another article, Bright talked more in details about the linkage between poverty and the death penalty. He claimed that because the defense lawyer is not competent enough, many people were put into death sentence. Bright quoted Judge Rubin saying that because the Constitution did not require â€Å"effective† counsel, those who could afford to have an effective representation would be less likely to receive a death sentence than those who could not (Bright, 2002). Therefore, the more money one can have, the less likely they will receive the death penalty. Research has also shown that death penalty cases are much more expensive than their counterparts. In a meta-analysis written by the Death Penalty Information Center, it is reported that New Mexico had to spend around $7.2 million more if they decide to bring back the death penalt y as a punishment for three types of homicides. Oregon has found that its 61 death penalty cases cost taxpayers around $2.3 million, compared to $1.4 million cost by moreShow MoreRelatedIs the Death Penalty an Effective Deterrent?1677 Words   |  7 PagesIs the Death Penalty an Effective Deterrent? Annotated Bibliography PS 223 Forensic Psychology I Research Question: Is the Death Penalty an Effective Deterrent? Honeyman, J. C., Ogloff, J. P. (1996). Capital punishment: Arguments for life and death. Canadian Journal Of Behavioural Science/Revue Canadienne Des Sciences Du Comportement, 28(1), 27-35. The main purpose of this article was to investigate the effects of the death penalty and theRead MoreThe Death Penalty is NOT an Effective Deterrent Essay2050 Words   |  9 Pages The issue of the death penalty has been of great concern and debate for a number of years now. Prior to 1976, the death penalty was banned in the United States. In 1976, though, the ban was lifted, and many states adopted the death penalty in their constitutions. Currently, there are 38 states that use the death penalty, and only 12 states that do not. The states that have the death penalty use a number of ways to go about executing the defendant. Thirty-two states use lethal injection, 10 useRead MoreThe Death Penalty Essay examples859 Words   |  4 Pages The death penalty continues to be an issue of controversy and is an issue that will be debated in the United States for many years to come. According to Hugo A. Bedau, the writer of â€Å"The Death Penalty in America†, capital punishment is the lawful infliction of the death penalty. The death penalty has been used since ancient times for a variety of offenses. The Bible says that death should be done to anyone who com mits murder, larceny, rapes, and burglary. It appears that public debate on the deathRead MoreEssay on Death Penalty: Capital Punishment and Violent Crime1570 Words   |  7 PagesCapital Punishment and Violent Crime Hypothesis Most Americans are pro-death penalty, even though they dont really believe that it is an effective deterrent to violent crime. Those who are pro-death penalty will remain so, even if faced with the best arguments of anti-death penalty activists and told to assume the arguments were absolutely true. Violent crime Violent crime is a major problem in the United States. According to the ACLU, the violent crime rate rose sixty-one percentRead MoreCapital Punishment Debate Essay756 Words   |  4 PagesDebate The death penalty is a tough debate and an overwhelming argument in this country. We as Americans put Timothy McVeigh to death by lethal injection just three months ago. Arguments can be made for and against the death penalty, but this is not the problem. Capital Punishment is supposed to be a deterrent to crime, but is the death penalty really a deterrent? Capital Punishment is not a deterrent for crime, and the effects of Capital Punishment areRead MoreCapital Punishment Essay966 Words   |  4 PagesCapital Punishment Capital Punishment is regarded by most as a successful deterrent to murder, but that is because these people don’t look at it as it is applied. According to retributivists such as Kant and Van Den Haag the guilty deserves to be punished. On the other hand, people against the death penalty like Bedau think that the death penalty is just as much an effective deterrent as life in prison. The most famous retributivist Kant, states that the guilty ought to get punished becauseRead MoreThe Abolition of Capital Punishment in Australia1014 Words   |  5 Pagespunishment for murder as opposed to 23% stating the death penalty should be used and 13% did not wish to comment. The death penalty is not an effective punishment for all cases and there has not been any solid evidence stating that it is a more effective deterrent than imprisonment. Furthermore capital punishment possesses the risk of executing the innocent, which has happened or almost happened numerous times in the past such as Colin Ross. The death penalty is also a breach of the Universal Human RightsRead MoreThe Death Penalty And Why I Support It1232 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction â€Å"Death row is a nightmare to serial killers and ax murderers† (Grisham). It definitely should be. Today i m going to talk to you about the death penalty and why I support it. America is split on the issue of the death penalty. Acording to proccon.org 31 states currently allow the death penalty while there are 19 states that do not ( â€Å"Top 10 Pros and Cons - Death Penalty - ProCon.org†). I find the topic of the death penalty very interesting and it is something that I feel stronglyRead MoreCapital Punishment- Informative Essay1272 Words   |  6 Pagesdaughter spends the rest of his life with three meals a day and cable television. Which of these is the bigger injustice? The use of the death penalty to punish serious crimes is a very controversial topic and there is much debate surrounding the issue. This paper will briefly discuss arguments supporting and against the use of the death penalty. The death penalty which is also known as capital punishment is the punishment of a crime by execution. (Washington Post 2008: e.data) Such extreme sentencesRead MoreDylan Pidich. Boston College Philosophy. . Does The Retributive1408 Words   |  6 PagesDylan Pidich Boston College Philosophy Does the retributive theory of punishment deter crime? â€Å"We demand of a deterrent not whether it is just but whether it will deter. We demand of a cure not whether it is just but whether it succeeds. Thus when we cease to consider what the criminal deserves and consider only what will cure him or deter others, we have tacitly removed him from the sphere of justice altogether; instead of a person, a subject of rights, we now have a mere object, a patient

Foreign Policy Evaluating Nixons and Eisenhowers Use of...

Modern Presidency Research Paper Foreign Policy: Evaluating Nixon’s and Eisenhower’s’ Use of Power Both President Dwight Eisenhower and Richard Nixon were presidents during the cold war. Their uses of presidential power within foreign policy greatly shaped the United State’s strategies in cold war politics. Comparing their actions as Chief Diplomat, Chief Legislator, Chief Executive and Commander in Chief shows how they have used both their formal and informal powers to lead the nation. President Eisenhower was much more successful in gaining congress approval through working with them yet had much more trouble dealing with peace abroad. Nixon was able to use powers to make successful gains within the cold war abroad, yet had trouble†¦show more content†¦Nixon was able to limit congress’s oversight of his administration, and the publics control by using the Chief Diplomat formal power of secrecy. He wanted to use these formal powers to show that the president could plan and execute foreign policy as efficiently as historic leaders (Small 1999, 61). Nixon use d his power of executive agreements manipulatively in a strategy that he called, linkage politics; this is a term for strategically organizing the United States relationships with communist powers (Small 1999, 63). Nixon knew that he must settle the Vietnam War with honor because it was a stake in Southeast Asia. Using his theory of linkage politics he saw that the end of the Vietnam War would affect negotiations with China and Russia (Small, 1999 65). He first tried to make an executive agreement with Russia, by explaining to them his idea of â€Å"strategic parity. This was an idea that because both nations had enough weapons to completely demolishes the other, neither should start war, and peace would continue. Like Eisenhower’s attempts, Nixon was unable to make an agreement with the USSR and talks continued to be slow (PBS Nixon 2002, 2). Playing the China card was a new way Nixon was able to integrate his idea of linkage politics. His theory was that because China was afraid of the Soviets, they may purse relations with the United States, which in return, would help control the USSR (PBS Nixon

The Possibilities of Ethical ICT Samples for Students -Myassignment

Questions: 1.Clearly State the Ethical Dilemma that confronts the Artificial Intelligence (AI) consultant. 2.Provide an Ethical response to the Dilemma according to consequences alone. Consider consequences for both the AI consultant and the cars Customers. 3.Provide an Ethical response to the Dilemma according to a consistent application of Principles alone. What duties does the AI consultant have in this scenario? 4.Provide an Ethical response to the Dilemma according to the typical response of a caring person. 5.The ACS Code of Professional Conduct extends the meaning of the six ethical values with requirements that contribute to observing the values. Examine the code and identify requirements (using value numbers 1-6 and a requirement letter) that are relevant to this case study. Explain for each requirement identified how it should be applied in this case study 5.Provide a defence, on ethical grounds, for the AI consultant in passing the AI components of the cars while knowing that further modelling could prevent possible consequences in the case of an accident Having completed your ethical analysis provide advice as to how the AI consultant could solve his ethical dilemma. Summarize your reasons. Answers: Introduction John, an Artificial Intelligence or AI consultant is associated with a project undertaken by an electric automobile organization. The automobile manufacturing organization has long been working on a project aim at developing a completely autonomous car and John, having a specialization in machine learning techniques, had been in charge of designing, developing and maintaining all the artificial intelligence components to be utilized in the car. Such being the scenario, this report is being documented with the sole aim of identifying the ethical dilemmas that John currently faces and the ideal manner in which he can response so as to overcome his dilemma. 1.Ethical dilemma that confronts the Artificial Intelligence consultant It has already been mentioned that John was associated with task of designing and developing the artificial intelligence components that are to be included in the self driven car, such that the car can maneuver without the interference of any human driver. Now, John is not sure of the efficiency of the in real life accidental scenarios and thus wants to spend some additional time in modeling specific accident scenarios that would help the product manufacturing team in identifying any issues that the AI components might have in managing such situations. John has informed the manufacturing organization of the fact that the development of these models is necessary to as to ensure the protection of customers from life risks. However, the organizational heads of the automobile manufacturing organization are of the opinion that developing such scenarios and testing the car using the same would take significant amount of time and there lies a very high probability that competitor organizations would release similar products in the mean time. The operational heads of the automobile company are willing to conduct the modeling activity after then a self-driven car is released in the market. Under such circumstances, as the sole Artificial Intelligence or AI consultant associated with the project, John currently faces the following ethical dilemmas: Case 1: Autonomous car is released in the market without the prior modeling of accidental scenari In this case, it might so happen that the passengers meet with certain accidental scenarios and the artificial components of the car do not operate in the most optimal manner, thus subjecting the passengers to risky situations. Depending on the seriousness of situation, such circumstances might lead to the loss of lives of the passengers. Needles to say, John would essentially be held responsible (even if indirectly) for the malfunctioning of the car and might be sued in the court of law. Case 2: Autonomous car is released in the market with the prior modeling of accidental scenario The information provided in the case study indicate that it is John who is not sure of the efficiency of the self driven car in accidental situations, whereas the car manufacturers are confident of the fact that the AI tools included in the car are much more efficient than human beings in avoiding accidents. However, it may so happen that the operational heads of the manufacturing organization go with the demands of John and agree to the demands of modeling the accidental scenarios before releasing the product in the market. There exist a very high probability that the entire process becomes significantly time consuming and any competitor organization releases similar products in the market in the mean time. The electrical car manufacturing organization in consideration would thus face huge financial losses and John would be directly responsible for the failure of the project. 2.Ethical response to the dilemma In this section of the report, discussions would be made on the probable consequences of the two cases that have been identified in the section above, with the sole aim of identifying the most ethical response that John is capable of making when the principles and consequences of his action are taken into consideration. Ethical response to the dilemma according to consequences Case 1: Autonomous car is released in the market without the prior modeling of accidental scenario In this particular case, the passengers relying o the AI components of the car might experience such accidental situations at which the previously mentioned components fail of provide optimal services. In the worst-case situation, the passengers might meet fatal accidents, leading to loss of lives. Case 2: Autonomous car is released in the market with the prior modeling of accidental scenario In the worst case situation, stressing on the modeling of the accidental scenarios prior to the release of the car in the market would indirectly lead to huge financial losses for the organization in consideration. In the light of the discussions made in the section above, it can thus be said that selecting the second option should be the most ethical response for John, as the total amount of loss resulting from this option would be significantly less than that of option a (Stahl, Flick Hall, 2013). 3.Ethical response to the dilemma according to a consistent application of principles Case 1: Autonomous car is released in the market without the prior modeling of accidental scenario In case John aggress to release the autonomous car in the market without prior modeling of accidental scenarios and accessing the efficiency of the AI component in such situations, he would be neglecting his duties to the society as a whole by allowing the release of potentially risky products in the market. Case 2: Autonomous car is released in the market with the prior modeling of accidental scenario However, in this case, John would be capable of performing all his duties to his profession and the society as a whole ( as mentioned in the ACS code of ethics) by ensuring the fact that all the artificial intelligence components included in the car are capable of avoiding any accidental situations that might lead to life risks of the passengers (Ville Jani, 2014). Moreover, the quality of the product would eventually help the company to gain back all the financial losses that it experienced because of competitors releasing the product before them. Thus, even in case the AI consultant should chose the second option as the same would allow him to perform the following duties: Developing quality products on the behalf of the organization he is working for Ensuring that the products he develops or services he provides are beneficial to the society as a whole (Stahl et al. 2014) 4.Ethical response to the dilemma according to the typical response of a caring person Case 1: Autonomous car is released in the market without the prior modeling of accidental scenario In this particular case, all efforts being made by AI consultant would ensure that the electrical car company is capable of releasing their new products within the estimated time duration of the project, thus allowing the organization to make huge financial benefits from the same. Case 2: Autonomous car is released in the market with the prior modeling of accidental scenario On the other hand, all effort made by the AI consultants in this case would be directed towards ensuring the safety of the passengers, besides enhancing the reputation of the company through the enhancement of the quality of product. Thus, from the perspective of a caring person, John should choose the second option. 5.ACS Codes applicable to the case study The following ACS codes are applicable for the case study under consideration The Primacy of the Public Interest Requirement: b and c- John sure ensure that the health and safety risks of the target customers are minimized, besides considering the entire situation from their perspective (Markus Mentzer, 2014). Professional Development Requirement: b- John should be aware of the negative effects of the product being designed on the society as a whole and make efforts towards reducing the same (Patrignani Whitehouse 2014). 6.Defense in behalf of John Irrespective of the discussions made in the section above, John still remains a mere consultant appointed by the electrical car manufacturing organization having no decisive power in the matter of finalizing the release date of the product (Kim et al. 2014). On the other hand, John has taken all the necessary step required for informing the higher management of the organization the consequences of releasing the product in the market without modeling the accidental scenarios (Dearden, 2012). Thus, he cannot be held responsible for the decisions taken by the higher management of the organization. Summary John has expressed his interests in developing modes of certain accident scenarios and testing the efficiency of the car before the same is made available in the market, as he himself is not sure of the efficiency of the vehicle in real life accidental scenarios. However, the higher authorities of the automobile corporation has dismissed his ideas and are willing to go ahead with the market release of the project. Under such circumstances, John can only advice the higher management of the electrical car company to go ahead with the modeling activities, thereby emphasizing on the consequences of not conducting the same and subjecting the customers to significant accidental risks. Bibliography Dearden, A. (2012, March). See no evil?: ethics in an interventionist ICTD. InProceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Information and Communication Technologies and Development(pp. 46-55). ACM. Iniesta-Bonillo, M. A., Snchez-Fernndez, R., Schlesinger, W. (2013). Investigating factors that influence on ICT usage in higher education: a descriptive analysis.International Review on Public and Nonprofit Marketing,10(2), 163-174. Kim, H. S., Kim, J. M., Lee, W. G. (2014). IE behavior intent: A study on ICT ethics of college students in Korea.The Asia-Pacific Education Researcher,23(2), 237-247. Markus, M. L., Mentzer, K. (2014). Foresight for a responsible future with ICT.Information Systems Frontiers,16(3), 353-368. Noordin, M. F. (2013). Application of privacy, security and ethics in Islamic concerned ICT.Middle-East Journal of Scientific Research,14(11), 1548-1554. Patrignani, N., Whitehouse, D. (2014). Slow Tech: a quest for good, clean and fair ICT.Journal of Information, Communication and Ethics in Society,12(2), 78-92. Sestini, F. (2012). Collective awareness platforms: engines for sustainability and ethics.IEEE Technology and Society Magazine,31(4), 54-62. Stahl, B. C., Eden, G., Jirotka, M., Coeckelbergh, M. (2014). From computer ethics to responsible research and innovation in ICT: The transition of reference discourses informing ethics-related research in information systems.Information Management,51(6), 810-818. Stahl, B. C., Flick, C., Hall, R. (2013). Evaluating research quality in technology ethics.The possibilities of ethical ICT, 435. Stahl, B. C., Heersmink, R., Goujon, P., Flick, C., van den Hoven, J., Wakunuma, K., ... Rader, M. (2012). Identifying the ethics of emerging information and communication technologies: an essay on issues, concepts and method.Ethical Impact of Technological Advancements and Applications in Society, 61-79. Ville, K., Jani, K. (2014). Why (an) ethics code for information system development needs institutional support: there is even an upside for computing practitioners and businesses.ETHICOMP, Les Cordeliers, Paris, 25-27. Yang, S. C. (2012). Ethical academic judgments and behaviors: applying a multidimensional ethics scale to measure the ethical academic behavior of graduate students.Ethics Behavior,22(4), 281-296.

Henry sy and gokongwei case study Essay Example For Students

Henry sy and gokongwei case study Essay Statement of the problem * Henry Sy and John Gokongwei continuity. II. objectives * To determine the way on how their business well continue without breaking the very large company. * To mark out few possible causes of action that will lead to the down fall of business. Ill. are of consideration Henry Sy and John Gokongwei have both family members who are capable of running the business. They both have children who are very inclined to business. Since their arly aged , they saw how their fathers work hard. They knew their fathers hardship , from being nobody to somebody. They know how their parents , specially theyre father work hard for their business to grow. Having seen , and experience the luxury of their fathers successful business , they will surely treasure I like how their father take care of it. The education , which Henry Sy and John Gokongwei provided to their children are how fruit bearing. They do have a very smart children which will someday inherit their family business. They do have the knowledge and the guts. Yet a single decision can make or break it. IV. alternative courses of action Henry Sy and John Gokongwei introduce their heirs to already solid and full founded dynasty of business. Both tycoons share their ideas and decisions to their children. even they make decision , a big part of it , which influence them very much , are still heir fathers who made thousands of critical decision before. Such great tycoons knows exactly what to do, Henry Sy and John Gokongwei introduce their children to the world of business , but not to the world of nothingness, there children is the smallest worker of the big dynasty of the company , but they already have something to start up with. Both tycoons started with Just their minds , aspiration and goals . they started to work of nothing but themselves . henry sy and gokongwei case study By camilleandynno